How to wire a zone valve on a boiler

Thanks so much @Ecnerwal (+1) -- I will grab a decent multimeter. I do actually know the specific breaker that my boiler is on, the electrician did manage to label that and I have tested/verified it. It also sounds like you are saying it is typical that all the thermostats and zone valves are rigged up to the same branch circuit + breaker.

How to wire a zone valve on a boiler. then link terminal 4 to terminal 6 with a link wire. Checkout procedure To ensure the valve is plumbed and wired correctly, carry out the following checks after filling the system and switching on the power. 1aCheck manual lever is in ‘AUTO’ position. b Check programmer has power. c Check boiler is switched on and its thermostat set to maximum.

The thermostat wire is only 2 wires (R&W) so I purchased a Nest Power Connector to sub for missing C wire. The boiler has a Honeywell L8148E Aquastat w/ 24V transformer and Tv - W=Z - T connectors. The 2 red T'stat wires are pig-tailed together with red wire from W=Z term in Aquastat. The 2 white T'stat wires go to the #1 posts on their ...

There is a conflict (war) between the new energy-efficient zone valves and their thermostat counterparts. It is little understood and lesser recognized. The effect is erratic or non-operation of heating zones, frustrating both heating system owners and their servicemen. While discussing zone valve application specific to our "Neo-Gravity Hydronic (FHW) Heating Appliance(TM)", Taco ...Mar 19, · I have an old boiler,three zone system with 3 White-Rodgers zone-a-flow water diagramweb.net the wiring has been pulled off the valve controlers,2 zones have had the thermostats removed and 1 has been replaced and is wired to work the boiler with 2 diagramweb.net the W-R valves have been opened by diagramweb.net you know the entire ...Boilers - Home Heating Steam and Hot Water Systems - Connecting 2 zone valves to 1 thermostat - Hi all – I have the typical problem of an oversized boiler that is short cycling. 2 story framed home in S.E. CT. Oil fired Buderus 4 section (G1125WS/4), Honeywell L7248C1006 control with ODR, Riello Burner. 2 zones withWiring Boiler Zone Valves. It would be helpful if you were to edit your post to include the model of the boiler and the zone valves. Tag or otherwise mark the breaker or fuse to. This can be used with any boiler control voltage including 24v, volt free, 230v and others.Step 5 - Removing the Zone Valve. The zone valve will be bolted onto the pipe. When it's safe to do so, the zone valve can simply be unbolted and removed from the line of pipe. Be careful when doing this because the valve can stay hot for some time, even when the boiler is shut off. Use the screwdriver to remove the electrical connections from ...

3/4 in. Zone Valve. 86. (23) Questions & Answers (9) Hover Image to Zoom. $ 154 74. Pay $129.74 after $25 OFF your total qualifying purchase upon opening a new card. Apply for a Home Depot Consumer Card. Made from corrosion- and rust-resistant brass.In this video I replace a video and purge the air from the system.Not a complicated job, but a few tips to help along the way!L3 - RED-HIGH WATER TEMPERATURE L4 - RED-BLOCKED FLUE L5 - GREEN-BURNER ON L6 - RED-BLOCKED DRAIN L7 - AMBER-LOW GAS PRESSURE L8 - RED-FLAME FAILURE L9 - RED-LOW AIR PRESSURE L10 - CLEAR-PRE-PURGE. #1 THROUGH #12 ARE CONNECTED ON IGNITION MODULE. IF ANY OF THE ORIGINAL WIRE AS SUPPLIED WITH THE APPLIANCE MUST BE REPLACED, IT MUST BE REPLACED ...All of the basics on Taco zone valves (3-wire), from how they work, how they are wired and how to run a few diagnostic tests.00:00 Introduction00:24 Terminal...Feb 4, 2023 ... ... Wiring RIB relay to Zone Valve 07:13 How Many Nest Thermostats? Testing As You Go. 09:20 Jumper Power Wire For Next Thermostat Install.Feb 22, 2018 · Bill. Have you first-tried cutting the heat output from the baseboards in the room you want to be cooler: 1. close the vane at the top of the baseboard heat outlet. 2. if further heat cut is needed, you can try blocking the air inflow at the baseboard bottom underside, temporarily just using a few rolled towels.

Combi Boiler Installation in 10 Steps: Mount a plywood panel to the basement wall to serve as a mounting panel for the new combination boiler. Run new gas, electrical, and plumbing lines to the plywood panel. Screw the metal mounting brackets to the plywood panel, then hang the combination heater onto the brackets.1361 103 Emerson White Rodgers 1 Sweat 2 Way Normally Closed Zone Valve Amre Supply. Zone Valve Wiring Manuals Installation Instructions Guide To Heating System Valves Inspection Repair. Packaged Gas Electric Unit 3 5 Ton Belt Drive Ultra Low Nox Light Commercial Dbg Models Installation Instructions. 1361 103 Emerson White Rodgers 1 Sweat 2 Way ...After the thermostat closes, wait for at least 90 seconds and check the meter again. You should see a very low resistance, which means the switch has closed. If the meter reading never changes from OL, the switch isn't closing and you need to replace the valve head. Advertisement. Test a Taco zone valve with a multimeter to diagnose …Page 2 CGa Series 3 Gas-Fired Water Boiler — Boiler Manual How it works . . . ① Control module The control module responds to signals from the room thermostat and boiler limit circuit to operate the boiler circulator, pilot burner, gas valve and vent damper. When room thermostat calls for heat, the control module starts the system ...

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Jan 3, 2012 · Wiring white rodgers zone valves. Hi I have a new weil mclain cga-4 standing pilot boiler and 2 white rodgers 1311-102 zone valves. How do i wire the zone valves to the boiler? The boiler has 2 wires coming from the transformer relay R and G terminals marked 24 v thermostat. Is this where i wire the wires from the zone valves? Start by turning off the power to the boiler and disconnecting it from the power source. Locate the wiring terminals on the aquastat and identify the appropriate terminals for the power supply, burner relay, and temperature sensors. Connect the power supply wires to the designated terminals on the aquastat.I have a 3-zone system, with 3 Honeywell Zone Valves V8043F wired in series and 3 thermostats. The problem is only 1 thermostat is causing the boiler to fire. The other 2 thermostats correctly open the valve, but do not fire the boiler. I measured the voltage on the 3 valves with the thermostat off and on. When the good valve activates, the ...Options. If that's a spring return (or wax) normally closed valve, the power has to stay on as long as it is to be kept open. If it's a power open, power close valve, then a simple thermostat simply won't work. You will have to have a relay to operate the valve. Relay is operated from the thermostat.On 2019-09-12 by (mod) -. Spencer. 2 common causes for a zone valve refusing to open unless another zone is active are. 1. Zone valve is not wired correctly. 2. Zone valve is controlling a subordinate Zone that is actually fed off of one of the other zones' hot water line.Zone 1 and hot water work fine. Zone 2 is stuck in open position (Honeywell 8043f, lever has no resistance). Zone 2 only (and always) provides heat if hot water or zone 1 is requesting heat. However, if Zone 2's thermostat is requesting heat, the circulator and furnace do not come on. This is a one circulator system.

Anytime you use a current transformer switch, you can adjust its turn on current by wrapping the current carrying wire around the core of the transformer. If your current transformer needs 1 amp to engage, wrapping the wire around 10 times would engage at .1 amps.. 2 times .5 amps etc.. You get the idea. Hope you work it out. Upvote. Boilers ...Dave The main connection box should be sited close to your zone valve/valves as these have a relatively short lead. The rest of the controls, room stat,cylinder stat, programmer & frost stat(if fitted) are wired using FLEX 0.75mm or 1.00mm usually 4 core and earth from the programmer to the main junction box, two core for the cylinder stat and 3 core for room stat. boiler requires 3 core.The old owner have installed 4 Honeywell V8043E1012 zone valves to a Hydro therm HC 165 gas boiler. For some unknown reason he had all 4 zone valves connected to only one thermostat controlling the whole house. I want to wire them properly having a separate thermostat for each zone. The wiring the previous owner did is a nightmare.Consider that the zone valve is nothing more than a mechanical water flow valve on a loop of hot water heating pipe that. 1. responds to a thermostat's call for heat. 2. opens to allow hot water to flow through the zone. 3. turns on the circulator pump once the valve is open.2 wire zone valve when using a circulator instead of a zone valve for priority zone, jump 3 to 4 to boiler to dhw all transformer connections are factory wired must use jumper motor end switch 4 wire zone valve thermostat wiring connected thermostat wiring non-connected or power stealing grounding wire and wire nut included for grounding. n ...Taco zone valve wiring. First post, new to the forums. Im trying to add two Taco 571 zone valves to my baseboard hot water system. My set up is this: a Slant/fin Sentry 105K BTU gas fired furnace with electronic ignition and a Taco circulating pump suppling both my basement and first (and only) floor. The only thermostat is upstairs.The basic component of a zoned heating system is a zone valve, which controls the flow of water in a hydronic heating system. Inside the valve, an actuator opens and closes the valve based on the thermostat setting for that zone. ... and boiler or furnace, and cut into either their hydronic lines or ductwork to install zone valves or dampers ...Water continues to flow through the boiler water jacket to a drain until the boiler cools enough for the valve to shut again. Typical Dump Zone Wiring If there is an over-heating event and there is electric power, a temperature based switch, such as an aquastat starts a circulator on a designated heating load/zone of heat.Contact me at [email protected] for consulting on a heating system or if you would like me to build you a system.https://venmo.com/code?user_id=3...Product Features. Use with AQ1000 two-wire communicating thermostats, or most dry contact digital thermostats, Offers zoning control for up to four zones and controls up to two stages of heat from a single thermostat, Can expand up to 16 zones with AQ255 or AQ257 or up to 64 zones with AQ254 Add-A-Temp panels, Line or low-voltage output for ...

Do you want to learn how to wire your boiler thermostat correctly and safely? Watch this video tutorial from a professional electrician who explains the steps and tips for wiring …

There are "c-wire adders" available, also. You connect it to the R, C and W wires at the boiler, and to the existing 2 wires in your wall. On the other end (thermostat side) you connect the receiving box, which converts the 2 wires back into the 3: R, C and W. Adds a point of failure, but it's a great option if you can't easily run a new wire. A 3-way mixing valve, built-in to achieve the low-temperature level of the under floor heating circuit, is controlled by an accessory kit for a heating circuit with a mixing valve. IMPORTANT. System separation is required of underfloor heating systems employing non-oxygen diffusion barrier tubing. Explore the different types of shower valves and controls for your bathroom. Find the perfect one that suits your needs and preferences. Shop now! Expert Advice On Improving Your H...How to install & wire honeywell 4 wire zone valve Honeywell valves Honeywell heating thermostat underfloor boiler combi heat port flameport database ambrasta sponsored Zone wire wiring valve honeywell diagram boiler stat hot heating valves water two doityourself tstat using era replacement forum forumsReduced Pressure Zone (RPZ) valve is another name for a backflow device, according to Ravinia Plumbing. Plumbers install RPZ valves in pipes to protect drinking water and municipal...Honeywell Zone Valves are some of the most commonly used Zone Valves in the industry. These Honeywell Zone Valves are designed for hydronic heating systems. ON-OFF and two-way low voltage valves consist of an actuator and valve assembly for controlling the flow of hot water and some models for steam. Zone valves control the flow of water to a ...Taco Comfort Solutions engineers and manufactures high efficiency indoor heating, cooling, and air quality comfort systems. Purchase Taco products at Supplie...

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Prepare the Piping. Shut off the water supply to the heating system and drain the pipes to prevent any water leakage during the installation. Use a pipe cutter or a hacksaw to remove a section of the pipe where you will be installing the zone valve. Make sure to measure and cut the pipe accurately for a proper fit. 4.Adding Zone Control Valves to Boiler. I recently had a new Weil McClain Gold CGA-4 boiler installed. I have 4 zones (two upstairs and two downstairs). I would like to add zone valves to each zone, but am having trouble figuring out what all I need to do it and how to wire it up. I have run thermostat wire to the locations I want the thermostats.The white wire in this harness, while technically the gas valve common or MV/PV terminal, is a 24VAC common (C) wire, and can be tapped to serve other needs in the system. In fact, in the wiring diagram, it is shown running to the limit circuit extension plug as well for use by low-water cutoff or equivalent safety devices.Hot Water Boiler Piping Zone Valves Wiring Diagram Quality 1. Dakota Supply Group 24v 3 4 In Npt N C Zone Valve. Honeywell Motorised Valve Clearance 50 Off Www Ingeniovirtual Com. Control A 3 Wire Zone Valve With 2 Thermostat Geek Wisdom Com. China 2 Port Motorized Zone Valve 5 Wire Replaces Honeywell V4043h Photos Pictures Made In Com.42671 posts · Joined 2008. #5 · Nov 11, 2022. General rule of zoned systems. If its 2 zones, 50% of the time both zones will be open. If 4 zones, then 25% of the time, all 4 zones will be open. S9 manually opening them won't harm anything. Make sure the rads aren't just air bound.Installer Manual - High Efficiency Boilers and Hot Water SystemsA 2 zone boiler piping diagram is a graphical representation of the plumbing system for a heating boiler that serves two separate heating zones. It shows the arrangement of the pipes, valves, and pumps that distribute the hot water from the boiler to each zone and back. The diagram typically includes straight lines to represent the pipes and ...Wire Diagram For Taco Zone Valves Hydronic Heating Systems. 1 Installation Guide Wiring Plumbing. Buzzing Sound From Motorised Valve Since Heatmiser Install Diynot Forums. 1 Installation Guide Wiring Plumbing. Sunvic 3 Port Valve 28mm Toolstation. Danfoss Hp22b 2 Port Motorised Valve With Actuator 22mm 087n6642 At H P W.We frequently wire several zone valves or zone pumps to one transformer in a parallel circuit. Again, the transformer is the power supply. The zone valves or zone pumps are loads. Each zone valve has its own switch, which is a thermostat. Get a room full of plumbers together and ask, “How many zones valves can we put on a transformer?”How to connection the High volt & low wiring with Taco zone valve controller for the Weil-Mc Clain model # XXXXX 97 + 110 gas fire boiler to system. And the old system has three Honeywell zone valves …Nest thermostats work with zoned boiler systems. In zoned systems, each thermostat controls heating independently in order to heat different areas of the house. Zoned systems save energy by allowing homeowners to only heat the part of the home that they need, instead of the whole house. In a zoned system, multiple thermostats control one ...Wiring Diagram Using a Zone Valve with a 24-V Thermostat and a Transformer For illustration purposes only: • Location of thermostat may vary. ... 24-V Thermostat (p/n 8200008) RC Y B O RH G W Zone Valve Unit Bypass Main - Back to Outdoor Furnace C W R C NOTE Thermostats must be installed by quali˜ed technician. End Switch Motor Circuit LED ... ….

2 wire zone valve when using a circulator instead of a zone valve for priority zone, jump 3 to 4 to boiler to dhw all transformer connections are factory wired must use jumper motor end switch 4 wire zone valve thermostat wiring connected thermostat wiring non-connected or power stealing grounding wire and wire nut included for grounding. n ...Jan 16, 2021 · Recently, I had a zone valve go out in my hydronic, boiler based heating system. I had to figure out how the system works so I could get it replaced. I don... How to install Nest smart thermostat with Taco zone panel.(switching relayIn this video we explain how to wire a Nest thermostat to a Taco zone panel using ...Taco Comfort Solutions, 1160 Cranston St., Cranston, RI 02920 | 401-942-8000In this video, I use a blank "pictorial" diagram and walk you through the wiring and sequence of operation of a simplified oil fired boiler using an L8182D A...Shop Taco zone valve controls. Taco Zone Valve Controls (Taco ZVCs) work with 2-, 3- or 4-wire zone valves. Buy online for fast shipping and easy returns.The YouTube content is for observation purposes only. The information herein is provided “As Is” “With All Faults” and without warranties or representations ... How do I choose & install a zone valve, how do I wire up a zone valve, and how do I troubleshoot, repair or replace a zone valve? This article series answers most questions about Heating System Boiler Controls on central heating systems to aid in troubleshooting, inspection, diagnosis, and repairs. Steam has mainly been a gaming marketplace for PC games over the years, but Valve appears to be doubling down on the platform’s social aspects with its newly launched Steam Chat me...1. Putting the indirect circulator on a SR501, letting it start without calling for heat. Leave the zone valve circulator on C1. No change in functional setup. 2. Putting the indirect circulator on a SR501 and wiring to TT on the aquastat, moving the zone valve circulator to the pump end switch on the ZVC along with ZC (or C1) from the aquastat ... How to wire a zone valve on a boiler, Combination Boiler with Two Heating Zones - Universal. Wiring diagrams for two zone valves with a combination boiler. This can be used with any boiler control voltage including 24V, volt free, 230V and others. The difference is that the zone valve switch is used to connect two terminals in the boiler together, rather than connecting 230V to one ..., - The three-way valve cannot be transformed into a two-way valve and vice versa. - When zone valves are installed, the direction of flow must be observed. a diverting valve configuration - Two-way zone valves can be installed either in the supply or return piping; the direction of flow indicated by the arrow on the body of the valve must be ..., My current set up consist Intergas Xtreme 36 boiler with two Opentherm inputs. Nest 3rd gen connected to one Opentherm input to control the boiler. Second Nest thermostat E is waiting to be wired in. I also have 2x 2 port Honeywell V4043H1056 zone valves installed for zone 1 (downstairs) and zone 2 (upstairs)., Boiler zone valve. Zone valves find applications in domestic hot water storage tanks. These valves help direct hot water from the boiler to different places like radiators and the domestic hot water storage tank. ... Check the power supply, wiring, and the root cause of the motor burnout before replacing the motor. Leaking or stuck …, How do I wire Honeywell V8043E zone valves into a Navien NCB-240/130H Combi Boiler? - Answered by a verified HVAC Technician ... You will need to wire the combination boiler first to a zone valve controller and then that will send a signal to the combi boiler to turn on the boiler. Ask Your Own HVAC Question., Zone Valve Wiring Manuals Installation & Instructions: Guide to heating. Top 7 wiring zone valves honeywell Wiring thermostat diagram valve zone heater wire taco control low heating mr flair diagrams heat temp hvac valves heaters guide Honeywell 4 wire zone valve wiring diagram. 4 wire, 5 wire honeywell zone valve wiring, troubleshooting, Zone Valve Wiring In 5 Easy Steps. Learn how to quickly wire in multiple zone valves on a boiler. Includes 5 Step Cheat Sheet: ...more. Learn how to quickly wire in multiple zone..., How to connection the High volt & low wiring with Taco zone valve controller for the Weil-Mc Clain model # XXXXX 97 + 110 gas fire boiler to system. And the old system has three Honeywell zone valves …, The basic component of a zoned heating system is a zone valve, which controls the flow of water in a hydronic heating system. Inside the valve, an actuator opens and closes the valve based on the ..., there is nothing within the fall zone of the chimney that could be damaged. If something is located within the fall zone and cannot be removed, guy wires or braces may need to be installed to prevent a falling chimney from causing damage. NOTE: If more than three 4-foot (1.2-m) sections of chimney are used, a support, Install wiring and electrically ground boiler in accordance with requirements of the authority having jurisdiction, or in absence of such requirements the National Electrical Code, ANSI/NFPA 70, and/or the CSA C22.1 Electric Code., Here is the diagram you will need to use and you will need to add two separate 24 volt transformers (one for each zone valve) in order to make this work. In this diagram the zone valves will act as flow check valves. When there is a call for heat from one thermostat, the corresponding circulator and zone valve will open., The zone synchronization will pole all the different zone controls and attempt to run several at a time so that there is more load on the boiler. This again will assist in the boiler running for a longer time. You may ask why that is important. If you ask condensing boiler manufacturers, they will tell you they want a ten-minute run time if ..., Dec 28, 2017 ... How to replace Taco Zone heat valve on boilers heat and central heating. Yours may be leaking or stuck and needs replacing troubleshooting., Mar 3, 2024 ... In this video I wire zone valves and thermostats for a boiler system. I how to why it, how it works and how to get the job done., Hot Water Boiler Piping Zone Valves - Thermostats and Zoning. A zone valve is hooked directly to a thermostat. On a call for heat, the thermostat contacts close completing the circuit to the zone valve and energizing a small motor in the zone valve. This motor opens the valve. As the valve opens an end switch in the zone valve closes., 5). Attach a “spare” wire to the C terminal – such as the Black wire for C or Common. 6). Attach the Light Blue wire to the X/Aux terminal for Auxiliary heat. 7). Attach the Dark Blue wire to the B terminal for Reversing Valve for Heating. 8). Attach the Orange wire to the O terminal for Reversing Valve for Cooling. Thermostat Wiring ..., The thermostat for each zone is wired through a 24-V transformer to the zone valve. A mechanical end switch is wired to the thermostat terminals of the boiler operating controls. When choosing a transformer for zone valves, make sure that the VA (volt amps) rating of the transformer is sufficient to run the zone valves attached to it., Upvote. Boilers - Home Heating Steam and Hot Water Systems - 3 wire boiler thermostat - Replacing a Honeywell ,old school, round thermostat with a ELECTECK Digital Thermostat with Large LCD Display, Non-Programmable, Compatible with Single Stage Electrical and Gas/Oil System, Up to 1 Heat/1 Cool, where do the 3 wires get., Zone valve wiring manuals installation & instructions: guide to heatingHoneywell wiring zone valve colours november Honeywell 3 port valve wiring diagramHow do you wire a honeywell zone valve?. Top 7 Wiring Zone Valves Honeywell - Your Home Life. Check Details. Honeywell zone valve wiring colours. Valve zone honeywell valvesHoneywell zone valve ..., 1361 103 Emerson White Rodgers 1 Sweat 2 Way Normally Closed Zone Valve Amre Supply. Zone Valve Wiring Manuals Installation Instructions Guide To Heating System Valves Inspection Repair. Packaged Gas Electric Unit 3 5 Ton Belt Drive Ultra Low Nox Light Commercial Dbg Models Installation Instructions. 1361 103 Emerson White …, Zone valve wiring manuals installation & instructions: guide to heatingHoneywell wiring zone valve colours november Honeywell 3 port valve wiring diagramHow do you wire a honeywell zone valve?. Top 7 Wiring Zone Valves Honeywell - Your Home Life. Check Details. Honeywell zone valve wiring colours. Valve zone honeywell valvesHoneywell zone valve ..., The "Y" wires from the thermostats go into another block numbered 1-4 for each zone (I have a fourth "zone" for my hot water tank, which I'm not worried about) which jumpers them to one of the valve wires. The second wire from the valves runs into some other small black device, I'm not sure what it is and the wires are too short to pull it out ..., Do you know how to test a thermocouple on a gas valve? Find out how to test a thermocouple on a gas valve in this article from HowStuffWorks. Advertisement Inside your gas-operated..., 1. BOILER CONNECTION: On the old wiring junction from the boiler I have 5 wires coming. 2 wires, black and brown connected to line, blue is in neutral and green goes to earth and then there is a grey which is connected to the honeywell 2 zone valve orange wire., The UH4 offers control of a radiator zone on output 4. When used to control a radiator zone, the thermostat wired in to the radiator zone calls for heat, the output from zone 4/8 will open the radiator valve and the end switch on the valve will enable the boiler. Looking to enable the boiler when Wiring Centre boiler LR or OR RAD valve end ..., A zone valve is used to control the flow of water or steam in a hydronic heating system.You want to use zone valves in heating systems where you will be heat..., Dec 2, 2011 ... ... wire, or the ... Taco 6 ZONE Switching Relay Control Panel for Circulator Pumps on a Boiler! ... Zone Valve Wiring Explained For Beginners ( ..., 29 Sep 2012. #1. i have just installed a vaillant ecotec plus 637 and a megaflo unvented indirect cylinder, model 250i. the system has 2 heating zone valves for up stairs and down stairs and a dhw zone valve. i also have 2 room stat a wired honeywell t6360 for up stairs and a wireless honeywell hc60ng for down stairs. the boiler has it's own ..., TACO ZVC403 ZONE VALVE CONTROL [PDF] (2010) & ZVC403-ZVC406 Zone Control Wiring connected with system pump, wiring & installation instructions. This controller permits setting zone 3 to a priority setting that stops other zones for up to one hour (such as to assure providing domestic hot water in an indirect-fired water heater)., Zoning is a method of determining how people can use land and buildings within a certain area. Zoning is a method of determining how people can use land and buildings within a cert..., Learn how to quickly wire in multiple zone valves on a boiler in 1 minute.5 Step Cheat Sheet:https://i.postimg.cc/wxbyRtMV/Zone-Valve-Cheat-Sheet.pngFlow Pat..., The taco zone I have. Has terminals marked 24v- (c) & (w/y) and the other end switch I have two of these. HVAC Technician: BillyHvac. On a zone valve system you have a separate thermostat thats only job is to open and close zone valves. The thermostats do not connect directly to the boiler. Then you have a transformer in the boiler that sends ...