Is c2h2f2 polar or nonpolar

If the Polar Ice Caps Melt - The polar ice caps could be in danger of melting due to global warming. Find out what would happen if the polar ice caps melted and where the polar ice...

Is c2h2f2 polar or nonpolar. Consider the molecular formula, C2H2F2. a) Determine the family geometry (electron group geometry) and the actual geometry (molecular group geometry) for each non-hydrogen atom. Show your work. b) Determine the polarity of each bond by drawing a dipole moment arrow over it. Leave non-polar bonds unmarked. Nearly non-polar bonds can have a very ...

By contrast, although there will still be polar bonds in the trans isomers, overall the molecules are non-polar. The slight charge on the top of the molecule (as drawn) is exactly balanced by an equivalent charge on the bottom. The slight charge on the left of the molecule is exactly balanced by the same charge on the right.

The definition of electronegativity is: The tendency of an atom to attract electrons to form a chemical bond. The electronegativity of an atom depends upon its atomic number and its atomic radius, which means that the more the distance between the nucleus and its valence electrons, the lower the electronegativity and vice …C2H2 is nonpolar in nature because the electronegativity difference between Carbon and Hydrogen is 0.35, which is less than the minimum required 0.4. Furthermore, it has a linear molecular structure and the nature of C-H bonds is non-polar covalent. This makes the complete C2H2 molecule a non-polar molecule, with a net zero dipole moment.Now in the next step we have to check whether these bonds are polar or nonpolar. And we also have to check the molecular geometry of C2Cl4. Step #2: Check whether individual bonds are polar or nonpolar. The chemical bonds can be either nonpolar, polar or ionic depending on the difference of the electronegativity values …Win the chance to see polar bears in their natural arctic habitat. All photos by Scott Sporleder THIS IS YOUR CHANCE to see the largest carnivorous mammals on land in their natural...Among these three isomers the trans-1,2-dichloroethene is non-polar while, remaining two are polar. Reason: Reason for this is dipole moment. In case of cis-1,2-dichloroethene and 1,1-dichloroethene, the vectors are reinforcing each other perpendicularly to double bond, hence, giving a net dipole moment and making these …Lewis structure of C2H2F2 (1, 2-difluoroethene) contains a double bond between the two Carbon (C) atoms and a single bonds between Carbon-Hydrogen atoms and Carbon-Fluorine atoms. The Fluorine atom has 3 lone pairs. Let’s draw and understand this lewis dot structure step by step.

Learn to determine if CH2F2 (Dichloromethane) is polar or non-polar based on the Lewis Structure and the molecular geometry (shape).We start with the Lewis ...The covalent bonds can be polar or nonpolar. Two atoms having a covalent bond form polar molecules if the charge distribution on both atoms in unequal. In such molecules, there is a difference in the electronegativity of both atoms. Examples of polar molecules are H2O, OF2, etc. You can check out the reason for the polarity of CBr4.three different compounds can be created from ghe molecular formula of C2H2F2. draw the lewis structures for the three compounds and explain which compounds are nonpolar or polar There are 3 steps to solve this one.Depending on the difference in the electronegativity values, covalent bonds can be polar and nonpolar. If the difference in electronegativity is less than 0.5, the electrons are about equally shared between the two atoms, forming a nonpolar a covalent bond. If the difference in electronegativity is between 0.5 and 1.7, we have a polar covalent ...It's colder in Chicago than in Antartica. What does that mean for planes? The polar vortex's icy temperatures are slamming into the Midwest and churning toward the East Coast, leav...

See Answer. Question: The molecule C2H2F2 has a pair of geometric isomers. Draw the two structures (cis and trans) and indicate the polarity of each. [HINT: cis is when the two F atoms are on the same side of the double bond. Trans is when the two F atoms are on the opposite side of the double bond.] The molecule C 2 H 2 F 2 has a pair of ...HowStuffWorks finds out whether it's ever a good idea to have a political discussion at work and if so, how to do it. Advertisement There you are, innocently microwaving last night...1. Another non polar molecule shown below is boron trifluoride, BF 3. BF 3 is a trigonal planar molecule and all three peripheral atoms are the same. Figure 4.12.1 4.12. 1 Some examples of nonpolar molecules based on molecular geometry (BF 3 and CCl 4 ). Polar molecules are asymmetric, either containing lone pairs of electrons on a central atom ...POLAR CAPITAL EMERGING MARKET STARS FUND INSTITUTIONAL SHARES- Performance charts including intraday, historical charts and prices and keydata. Indices Commodities Currencies Stock...Answer = C2F2 ( Ethyne ) is Nonpolar. What is polar and non-polar? Polar. "In chemistry, polarity is a separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole or multipole moment. Polar molecules must contain polar bonds due to a difference in electronegativity between the bonded atoms.

Jen epstein age.

This value is less than 0.4, which indicates that the bond between Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H) is nonpolar. Hence, each C-H bond is a nonpolar covalent bond. For C-Br bond; The electronegativity difference (ΔEN) = 2.96 – 2.55 = 0.41. This value lies between 0.4 to 1.7, which indicates that the bond between Carbon (C) and Bromine (Br) …Now in the next step we have to check whether these bonds are polar or nonpolar. And we also have to check the molecular geometry of C4H8O2. Step #2: Check the bond polarity and molecular geometry. The chemical bonds can be either nonpolar, polar or ionic depending on the difference of the electronegativity values (ΔEN) between the two atoms.As fundamental as hydrocarbons are to organic chemistry, their properties and chemical reactions are rather mundane. Most hydrocarbons are nonpolar because of the close electronegativities of the C and H atoms. As such, they dissolve only sparingly in H 2 O and other polar solvents. Small hydrocarbons, such as methane and ethane, are gases at ...The covalent bonds can be polar or nonpolar. Two atoms having a covalent bond form polar molecules if the charge distribution on both atoms in unequal. In such molecules, there is a difference in the electronegativity of both atoms. Examples of polar molecules are H2O, OF2, etc. You can check out the reason for the polarity of CBr4.

Apr 16, 2023 · Determine if a molecule is polar or nonpolar. We learned in Section 11.3 that when a metal and a nonmetal come together, the metal donates its valence electrons to the nonmetal, forming ions which are held together by an ionic bond. Watch on. Transcript: This is the C2H2Br2 Lewis structure. We have 4 times 2; plus 1 for the Hydrogen, times 2; plus 7 times 2 for the Bromine, for a total of 24 valence electrons for the C2H2Br2 Lewis structure. Carbon's the least electronegative so we'll put the Carbons right in the center. The question is, how do we distribute the Hydrogens ...Mar 22, 2023 · The polarity of C2H2F2 affects its physical and chemical properties in various ways, such as its solubility in polar solvents, reactivity with polar molecules, and boiling point. The polar nature of the molecule makes it more reactive than nonpolar molecules, and it also has a higher boiling point than similar nonpolar molecules due to the ... Is C2H2 Polar or Non-polar? (Ethyne or Acetylene) Learn to determine if C2H2 is polar or nonpolar based on the Lewis Structure and the molecular geometry …N2 is nonpolar. A polar molecule has a net electric dipole moment. Since N2 is a symmetric molecule without a net electric dipole moment, N2 is not polar. A nitrogen atom has five ...Is C2H2 Polar or Non-polar? (Ethyne or Acetylene) Learn to determine if C2H2 is polar or nonpolar based on the Lewis Structure and the molecular geometry …Aug 10, 2022 · 1. Another non polar molecule shown below is boron trifluoride, BF 3. BF 3 is a trigonal planar molecule and all three peripheral atoms are the same. Figure 4.12.1 4.12. 1 Some examples of nonpolar molecules based on molecular geometry (BF 3 and CCl 4 ). Polar molecules are asymmetric, either containing lone pairs of electrons on a central atom ... 1) is called a nonpolar covalent bond. Figure 4.4.1 4.4. 1 Polar versus Nonpolar Covalent Bonds. (a) The electrons in the covalent bond are equally shared by both hydrogen atoms. This is a nonpolar covalent bond. (b) The fluorine atom attracts the electrons in the bond more than the hydrogen atom does, leading to an imbalance in the …Now in the next step we have to check whether these bonds are polar or nonpolar. And we also have to check the molecular geometry of C2H4. Step #2: Check the bond polarity and molecular geometry. The chemical bonds can be either nonpolar, polar or ionic depending on the difference of the electronegativity values (ΔEN) between the … 1,2-Difluoroethylene, also known as 1,2-difluoroethene, is an organofluoride with the molecular formula C 2 H 2 F 2. It can exist as either of two geometric isomers, cis -1,2-difluoroethylene or trans -1,2-difluoroethylene. It is regarded as a hazardous chemical for being toxic by inhalation, and a volatile chemical, and it causes irritation ... 1) is called a nonpolar covalent bond. Figure 4.4.1 4.4. 1 Polar versus Nonpolar Covalent Bonds. (a) The electrons in the covalent bond are equally shared by both hydrogen atoms. This is a nonpolar covalent bond. (b) The fluorine atom attracts the electrons in the bond more than the hydrogen atom does, leading to an imbalance in the …Molecular Polarity. To determine if a molecule is polar or nonpolar, it is frequently useful to look at Lewis structures. Nonpolar compounds will be symmetric, meaning all of the sides around the central atom are identical - bonded to the same element with no unshared pairs of electrons.Polar molecules are asymmetric, either containing …

Depending on the difference in the electronegativity values, covalent bonds can be polar and nonpolar. If the difference in electronegativity is less than 0.5, the electrons are about equally shared between the two atoms, forming a nonpolar a covalent bond. If the difference in electronegativity is between 0.5 and 1.7, we have a polar covalent ...

Few areas in tech are as polarized as the blockchain gaming space -- but the ecosystem around blockchain games is already getting built and funded. Few areas in tech today are as p...Among these three isomers the trans-1,2-dichloroethene is non-polar while, remaining two are polar. Reason: Reason for this is dipole moment. In case of cis-1,2-dichloroethene and 1,1-dichloroethene, the vectors are reinforcing each other perpendicularly to double bond, hence, giving a net dipole moment and making these …1. Another non polar molecule shown below is boron trifluoride, BF 3. BF 3 is a trigonal planar molecule and all three peripheral atoms are the same. Figure 4.12.1 4.12. 1 Some examples of nonpolar molecules based on molecular geometry (BF 3 and CCl 4 ). Polar molecules are asymmetric, either containing lone pairs of electrons on a central atom ...CH2F2 Lewis Structure, Molecular Geometry, Hybridization, and Polarity. CH2F2 or difluoromethane or difluoromethylene is an organic compound of the haloalkane family. Haloalkanes or alkyl halides are organic compounds, which contain at least one halogen atom bonded to the carbon atom. It is a colorless gas at standard temperature …Determine if a molecule is polar or nonpolar. We learned in Section 11.3 that when a metal and a nonmetal come together, the metal donates its valence electrons to the nonmetal, forming ions which are held together by an ionic bond.The molecular mass of ethanol is 46.069 g·mol−1. The density of ethanol is 789 g/l that is around 20% less than that of water. Being a polar substance, it is a very good solvent itself. It is completely soluble in water. Baing a covalent compound, It does not conduct electricity because of the absence of free ions.Hydrocarbon compounds are classified as organic compounds in which the molecular structure is only composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Each carbon atom maintains a total of 4 covalent bonds. If multiple carbon atoms are present in the hydrocarbon, then there can be some variety in the carbon-carbon bonding.Among these three isomers the trans-1,2-dichloroethene is non-polar while, remaining two are polar. Reason: Reason for this is dipole moment. In case of cis-1,2-dichloroethene and 1,1-dichloroethene, the vectors are reinforcing each other perpendicularly to double bond, hence, giving a net dipole moment and making these …

Iowa shotgun season regulations.

Dmv east hillsborough.

Speciation events are when members of the same species separate until they are no longer able to reproduce with each other. Learn more about speciation events. Advertisement Have y...Answer: CH2F2 is a polar molecule because of the pull of electrons towards the fluorine dipoles (i.e. the partial negative charge) and the resulting partial positive charges on the hydrogen ends of the tetrahedron. Although we have discussed many cases of tetrahedral molecules that are nonpolar, in all of these cases the four molecules around ...CF2Cl2 is a polar compound due to its asymmetric shape. The C-F and C-Cl bonds are polar due to the difference in electronegativities (C is the least electronegative). The dipole moment vectors of bonds inside molecules do not cancel out each other because of asymmetry, and the compound as a whole is polar.The information on this page is fact-checked. The Lewis structure of C2H2F2 contains one double bond and four single bonds, with two carbons in the center, and each carbon is attached with one hydrogen and one fluorine. There are three lone pairs on each fluorine atom, and carbon atom and hydrogen atom do not have any lone pair.CH2F2 or Difluoromethane is an organic compound that is also called R-32. Due to its exceptional efficiency and thermodynamic stability, it is being widely used as a refrigerant. Two fluorine atoms are substituted instead of two hydrogen atoms in CH4 to give Difluoromethane. Carbon forms covalent bonds with the surrounding atoms.Summary. Difluoromethane (CH 2 F 2) is a polar molecule. It consists of two almost non-polar C-H bonds with an electronegativity difference of 0.35 units and two strongly polar C-F bonds due to an electronegativity difference of 1.43 units between the bonded atoms. Difluoromethane CH 2 F 2 has an identical electron and molecular …You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. Question: Three different compounds can be created from the molecular formula of C2H2F2. Draw the lewis structures for the three compounds and explain which are nonpolar or polar and why. Three different compounds can be created from the molecular ... When the difference is very small or zero, the bond is covalent and nonpolar. When it is large, the bond is polar covalent or ionic. The absolute values of the electronegativity differences between the atoms in the bonds H–H, H–Cl, and Na–Cl are 0 (nonpolar), 0.9 (polar covalent), and 2.1 (ionic), respectively. This dipole moment in the molecule makes CO a polar molecule. The higher electronegativity if Oxygen makes it partially negatively charged and Carbon partially positively charged. And such formation of partial charges leads to the polarity in the molecule. However, some people still believe that the molecule is nonpolar practically. ….

To determine if CH 2 Cl 2 (dichloromethane) is polar or nonpolar, we need to first determine its geometry. This presumes knowing the rules for drawing a correct Lewis structure and …In your notebook, create the table below and complete it as indicated. a) Draw the structure and give the shape of each cental atom b) Determine if the substance is polar or non polar c) Give the type of intermolecular forces c) 5. An alkene with the 6. A compound with the formula formula C3H6 C2H2F2, (Cis) a) a) b) b) c) c) 8. A compound with ...A Lewis structure for one isomer C2H2F2 is shown below. Based on this structure, determine if the molecule is polar or nonpolar. Indicate Polar or Nonpolar, if Polar draw the molecular dipole next to the box.Fluorine-substituted Ethylene: C2H2F2. CIS isomer both C友 bonds on same side ? molecule is POLAR. C友 bonds are MUCH more polar than C幽 bonds. TRANS isomer both C友 bonds on opposite side ? molecule is NOT POLAR.??(C-F) = 1.5, ??(C-H) = 0.4Mar 16, 2021 · Learn to determine if CH2F2 (Dichloromethane) is polar or non-polar based on the Lewis Structure and the molecular geometry (shape).We start with the Lewis ... 1. Another non polar molecule shown below is boron trifluoride, BF 3. BF 3 is a trigonal planar molecule and all three peripheral atoms are the same. Figure 3.11.1 3.11. 1 Some examples of nonpolar molecules based on molecular geometry (BF 3 and CCl 4 ). Polar molecules are asymmetric, either containing lone pairs of electrons on a central atom ...Fluorine-substituted Ethylene: C2H2F2. CIS isomer both C友 bonds on same side ? molecule is POLAR. C友 bonds are MUCH more polar than C幽 bonds. TRANS isomer both C友 bonds on opposite side ? molecule is NOT POLAR.??(C-F) = 1.5, ??(C-H) = 0.4CH2F2 or Difluoromethane is an organic compound that is also called R-32. Due to its exceptional efficiency and thermodynamic stability, it is being widely used as a refrigerant. Two fluorine atoms are substituted instead of two hydrogen atoms in CH4 to give Difluoromethane. Carbon forms covalent bonds with the surrounding atoms.The first term is too easily misconstrued and manipulated and the second has too much political baggage. Welcome to the era of extreme weather. If you live in the US Midwest, you’r... Is c2h2f2 polar or nonpolar, Polar bonds form between atoms of elements with different electronegativity values. Nonpolar molecules may contain any type of chemical bonds, but the partial charges cancel each other out. Polar molecules contain polar covalent or ionic bonds that are arranges so their partial charges do not cancel each other out., C2H2F2 adopts a tetrahedral geometry around each carbon atom with bond angles close to 109.5°, characteristic of sp³ hybridization. The molecule is nonpolar overall, with polar C-F and C-H bonds due to electronegativity differences (C: 2.55, F: 3.98, H: 2.20)., Depending on the difference in the electronegativity values, covalent bonds can be polar and nonpolar. If the difference in electronegativity is less than 0.5, the electrons are about equally shared between the two atoms, forming a nonpolar a covalent bond. If the difference in electronegativity is between 0.5 and 1.7, we have a polar covalent ..., 1. Every sufficiently asymmetric molecule will be polar, but some more than others. The polarity of molecules is related to the polarity of bonds within the molecule, but just having polar bonds is not enough to create a polar molecule. Consider, for example, CCl 4 and CHCl 3., C2H2 and CO2 are linear molecules and are non polar. What types of bonds may be present in a nonpolar molecule? A polar bond may be present in a nonpolar molecule. Examples: CH4, NH3, C2H2, CO2., EXPERT VERIFIED. Step 1/2. Draw a different Lewis dot structure for C2H2F2 that will have a different molecular polarity. Answer. The new Lewis dot structure for C2H2F2 …, 1) is called a nonpolar covalent bond. Figure 4.4.1 4.4. 1 Polar versus Nonpolar Covalent Bonds. (a) The electrons in the covalent bond are equally shared by both hydrogen atoms. This is a nonpolar covalent bond. (b) The fluorine atom attracts the electrons in the bond more than the hydrogen atom does, leading to an imbalance in the …, C2H2 and CO2 are linear molecules and are non polar. What types of bonds may be present in a nonpolar molecule? A polar bond may be present in a nonpolar molecule. Examples: CH4, NH3, C2H2, CO2., Among these three isomers the trans-1,2-dichloroethene is non-polar while, remaining two are polar. Reason: Reason for this is dipole moment. In case of cis-1,2-dichloroethene and 1,1-dichloroethene, the vectors are reinforcing each other perpendicularly to double bond, hence, giving a net dipole moment and making these two isomers polar in nature., In a polar molecule, electron density is unevenly distributed throughout the molecule, resulting in regions of partial negative charge and regions of partial positive charge. Molecular polarity depends on both individual bond polarities and molecular geometry, the latter of which we can predict using VSEPR theory. Created by Jay. Questions., 1,2-Difluoroethylene | C2H2F2 | CID 5365501 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities, safety/hazards/toxicity information, supplier lists, and more., Question: The 3-D structures of C_2H_2F_2 are shown below. (a) In the box below each structure, record whether the structure is polar or non-polar. For each polar structure, draw the overall molecular dipole as a crossed arrow on top of the structure (b) How many sigma (sigma) bonds are in structure I? Show transcribed image text. , Mar 11, 2020 · Answer: CH2F2 is a polar molecule because of the pull of electrons towards the fluorine dipoles (i.e. the partial negative charge) and the resulting partial positive charges on the hydrogen ends of the tetrahedron. Although we have discussed many cases of tetrahedral molecules that are nonpolar, in all of these cases the four molecules around ... , The result is a non-polar covalent bond. Example: The bond electrons are pulled closer to Cl due to its greater electronegativity. Thus, HCl contains a polar covalent bond. Molecular Polarity. Molecular …, Hi Guys!In this video, we determine the polarity of Difluoromethane, having a chemical formula of CH2F2. For determining its polarity, we first look at its L..., 1,1-DIFLUOROETHYLENE. Molecular Formula CHF. Average mass 64.034 Da. Monoisotopic mass 64.012459 Da. ChemSpider ID 13836545. , Polar or Nonpolar? C2H2F2 (Isomer 3) Lewis structure: Build the following structure: Η. H C С C с Electronic Geometry: C CI Label each carbon as 1, 2, and 3 Molecular Geometry: 3-D Sketch: Electronic Geometry: 1. , Explain how polar compounds differ from nonpolar compounds. Determine if a molecule is polar or nonpolar. Given a pair of compounds, predict which would have a higher melting or boiling point. Bond Polarity. The ability of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons is called electronegativity., 1) is called a nonpolar covalent bond. Figure 4.4.1 4.4. 1 Polar versus Nonpolar Covalent Bonds. (a) The electrons in the covalent bond are equally shared by both hydrogen atoms. This is a nonpolar covalent bond. (b) The fluorine atom attracts the electrons in the bond more than the hydrogen atom does, leading to an imbalance in the …, By contrast, although there will still be polar bonds in the trans isomers, overall the molecules are non-polar. The slight charge on the top of the molecule (as drawn) is exactly balanced by an equivalent charge on the bottom. The slight charge on the left of the molecule is exactly balanced by the same charge on the right., there are three acceptable lewis structures for C^2H^2Cl^2 and you have drawn one of them on the report form draw the other two structures and indicate whether each one is nonpolar or a dipole. Here’s the best way to solve it. Expert-verified. 100% (2 ratings), C2H2F2 adopts a tetrahedral geometry around each carbon atom with bond angles close to 109.5°, characteristic of sp³ hybridization. The molecule is nonpolar overall, with polar C-F and C-H bonds due to electronegativity differences (C: …, 1. Every sufficiently asymmetric molecule will be polar, but some more than others. The polarity of molecules is related to the polarity of bonds within the molecule, but just having polar bonds is not enough to create a polar molecule. Consider, for example, CCl 4 and CHCl 3., Question: trans-C2H2F2 : POLAR? SYMMETRICAL? SHAPE NAME: ELECTRONEGATIVITIES Br bromine 2.8 C carbon 2.5 chlorine 3.0 Ο Ζ Ι Τ Ω Ω Ο F fluorine 4.0 hydrogen 2.1 nitrogen 3.0 oxygen 3.5 P phosphorus 2.1 Po polonium 2.0 Se selenium 2.4 S sulfur 2.5 Te tellurium 2.1 , Answer = CH2F2 (Difluoromethane) is Polar. What is polar and non-polar? Polar. "In chemistry, polarity is a separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole or multipole moment. Polar molecules must contain polar bonds due to a difference in electronegativity between the bonded atoms., Question: The 3-D structures of C_2H_2F_2 are shown below. (a) In the box below each structure, record whether the structure is polar or non-polar. For each polar structure, draw the overall molecular dipole as a crossed arrow on top of the structure (b) How many sigma (sigma) bonds are in structure I? Show transcribed image text., We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us., Mar 22, 2023 · The polarity of C2H2F2 affects its physical and chemical properties in various ways, such as its solubility in polar solvents, reactivity with polar molecules, and boiling point. The polar nature of the molecule makes it more reactive than nonpolar molecules, and it also has a higher boiling point than similar nonpolar molecules due to the ... , CHARLOTTE, N.C., May 18, 2020 /PRNewswire-PRWeb/ -- T1V aligns with POLAR, established supplier of key industry brands to the installation, MI and... CHARLOTTE, N.C., May 18, 2020 ..., As a result, it exhibits relatively low solubility in polar solvents but can dissolve in nonpolar solvents. Here is a list of some common compounds in which CCl2F2 is soluble: Nonpolar solvents : Nonpolar solvents such as benzene, toluene, and hexane can dissolve CCl2F2 due to their similar nonpolar nature ., 1. The sulfur atom has six valence electrons and each fluorine has seven valence electrons, so the Lewis electron structure is. Four fluorenes are bonded to a central sulfur. Each fluorine has three lone pairs. Sulfur has one lone pair. With an expanded valence, this species is an exception to the octet rule., As fundamental as hydrocarbons are to organic chemistry, their properties and chemical reactions are rather mundane. Most hydrocarbons are nonpolar because of the close electronegativities of the C and H atoms. As such, they dissolve only sparingly in H 2 O and other polar solvents. Small hydrocarbons, such as methane and ethane, are gases at ..., On the other hand, the shape of CO 2 is linear, and the bond polarities of the two C=O bonds cancel out, so the whole CO 2 molecule is non-polar. There are other examples of non-polar molecules where the bond polarity cancels out, such as BF 3, CCl 4, PCl 5, and XeO 4. For organic compounds, the hydrocarbons (C x H y) are always non-polar. This ...