National labor union apush definition

APUSH Chapter 13: The Union in Peril (1848-1861) 4 Main Causes for Civil War. Click the card to flip 👆. slavery (morality in North, protection in South), constitutional disputes over the nature of the federal Union and states' rights, economic differences between Industrial North and Agricultural South, political blunders and extremism.

National labor union apush definition. Chapter 23 and 24 vocab APUSH. Greenback Labor Party. Click the card to flip 👆. Political party devoted to improving the lives of laborers and raising inflation, reaching its high point in 1878 when it polled over a million votes and elected fourteen members of Congress. Click the card to flip 👆.

supporters believed: 1) unions were abusing their power; 2) widespread strikes would endanger the nation's vital defense industries; 3) some labor unions had been infiltrated by Communists; 4) employers were being coerced into hiring union workers; opposed by organized labor. United Farm Workers.

This 1869 organization was the first truly national labor union under the direction of Terrence Powderly, who accepted skilled/unskilled workers as well as women and African Americans, in order to pursue a loose goal of cooperative business (workers own the business and vote on what to do), the 8 hour workday, termination of child labor, and …The National Labor Union (NLU) was one of the first of these groups, formed in 1866, it sought to improve the rights and working conditions of all workers, regardless of their trade or skill level. They fought for an eight-hour workday, greater equality in the workplace, and the right to organize.a federation of North American industrial unions that merged with the American Federation of Labor in 1955. Wagner Act. 1935, also National Labor Relations Act; granted rights to unions; allowed collective bargaining. Key people, events, laws and unions from the 1880s Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free.The setting of the worst strike. On May 4, 1886 a group of three thousand workers were gathered for a protest meeting. Police arrived and someone threw a dynamite bomb and killed one officer instantly, six others were wounded fatally. The police opened fire and killed four workers. The national labor union lost the American public's support.Samuel Gompers (1850-1924) was the first president of the American Federation of Labor, the first enduring national labor union. He served as president from 1886 until his death in 1924, except for a single year, 1895. Born in London, he immigrated to the United States at the age of 13, and worked as a cigar-maker. ...The policy promoted union-free open shops, shops where workers would not be required to join a labor union. Assembly line a manufacturing process in which parts are added to a product in a sequential manner using optimally planned logistics to create a finished product mach faster than with handcrafting-type methods.

maj3. 53 terms. ngxx1a. Preview. BPP Contract 3 - Terms (introduction) Teacher 17 terms. Nick_Robson-Hill. Preview. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like national labor union, knight of labor, american federation of labor and more. Apr 2, 2021 · During the Gilded Age, labor increasingly sought to organize local and national unions. One of the first large-scale U.S. unions was the National Labor Union, founded shortly before the start of the Gilded Age. This union sought to organize skilled and unskilled laborers, farmers, and factory workers. A second national labor union, the Knights of Labor, began in 1869 as a secret society in order to avoid detection by employers. Because the Knights were loosely organized, however, he could not control local units that decided to strike. The Knights of Labor grew rapidly in the early 1880s and attained a peak membership of 730,000 workers in 1886.A national federation of trade unions that included only skilled workers. It was founded in 1886 led by Samuel Gompers for nearly 4 decades. They sought to be negative with employees for a better kind of capitalism that rewarded workers with better wages, hours, and conditions.Chávez’s decision to create a farmworker’s union changed his life and the lives of migrant workers in the United States. Dolores Huerta, a fellow CSO organizer, was the first person he approached to assist in the creation of the National Farm Workers Association (NWFA). It was a collaboration that would endure for the rest of his life.

APUSH Unit 5 Practice AP Questions. 33 terms. taytaytaylor04. Preview. Chapter 15 ap history . 73 terms. quizlette53208181. Preview. APUSH EC: Period 3. 17 terms. werewdna. Preview. APUSH CH. 12. 29 terms. gillywilly12. ... National Trades' Union. In the mid-1830s, hard times and frustration with the inutility of their expanded voting rights ...APUSH Chapter 18. New South. Click the card to flip 👆. An ideology developed by some elite Southerners that declared an end to the nostalgia for slavery and plantation life and a beginning for the economic development of the South while protecting the growing racial segregation of the region from any Northern interference.An organization founded in 1910 by leading African-American reformers and white allies as a vehicle for advocating equal rights for African-Americans, specially through the courts. An umbrella union and radical political group founded in 1905, dedicated to organizing unskilled workers to oppose capitalism. In a 1910 speech, Theodore Roosevelt ...apush unit 9 notes. 1935; established National Labor Relations Board; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands.Their efforts are commonly called labor movements. Labor movements try to bring about improvements in pay, benefits, or workplace safety. They are generally led by labor unions , sometimes in alliance with labor-oriented political parties. Workers joined together in labor movements are also known as organized labor.

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Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like National Labor Union, Knights of Labor, American Federation of Labor and more. ... APUSH: Rise of Labor. Flashcards. Learn. Test. Match. Term. 1 / 3. National Labor Union. Click the card to flip 👆. Definition.APUSH Chapter 24. Pacific Railroad Act, 1862. Click the card to flip 👆. This act was passed in order to create a cross-country railroad that was intended to unite the Union during the civil war. It contracted the Union Pacific Railroad and the Central Pacific Railroad to build tracks from opposite sides of the U.S. that would meet in the middle.APUSH Unit 6 Gilded Age. Teacher 27 terms. MrsBurkules. Preview. sociology paper 2 - research methods. 9 terms. iqrabiiiiii. Preview. USA 1955-63. 111 terms. MaisieH231. ... Commonwealth vs Hunt Case allows Unions to organize Unions taken from Europe guilds-National Labor Union-Knights of Labor-American Federation of Labor. Jacob Riis 2X.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Union Pacific Railroad, James J. Hill, Cornelius Vanderbilt and more. ... Employed Irish labor gangs. Was involved in the Credit Mobilier scandal, when insiders reaped millions in profits. ... APUSH- ID list chapter 24. 32 terms. ijcb10. Preview. US1 test. 25 terms. brooke_fav14 ...Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR), the 32nd president of the United States, sought to fight the worst parts of the Great Depression through his legislative agenda, nicknamed the New Deal. This changed the role of the federal government in new ways (mostly by expanding it) and changed the alignment of political parties (this is one of two major ...The Knights of Labor was the largest and most extensive association of workers in 19th century America. Organized in 1869, the movement grew slowly in the 1870s, then surged in the 1880s, reaching a peak membership approaching one million in 1886-1887 with Local Assemblies spread across the country in more than 5,600 cities and towns.These maps …

The 1935 National Labor Relations Act (also known as the Wagner Act) required businesses to bargain in good faith with any union supported by the majority of their employees. Meanwhile, the Congress of Industrial Organizations split from the AFL and became much more aggressive in organizing unskilled workers who had not been …The Mafia has controlled everything from the street-corner drug trade to labor-union leadership to high-level politicians. How did it start and what's its status now? Advertisement...Demanded by workers and unions, these codes declared a national 40-hour workweek, minimum wage laws, and a federal ban on child labor. In addition, Section 7a of the NRA provided federal ... APUSH- Labor Unions, Cases, and Strikes. Get a hint. Pullman Strike Cause. Click the card to flip 👆. -Pullman workers wages dropped 25% and laid off 2,000 due to Panic of 1873. - George Pullman refused to meet workers request for higher wages and better conditions. Click the card to flip 👆. 1 / 28. APUSH Ch 23. Get a hint. Second New Deal. Click the card to flip 👆. (1935) a new set of programs in the spring of 1935 including additional banking reforms, new tax laws, new relief programs. (the 1934-35 programs).Included the WPA, a giant relief agency, and Social Security [6], as well as the NLRA or "Wagner Act" that promoted rapid growth ...APUSH Chapter 17. 23 terms. Caroline_Kennedy54. Preview. Unit 6: Cell Cycle & Mitosis. Teacher 28 terms. alyson_truong8. Preview. Real Estate Basics. 100 terms. Bryce_Johansen2. Preview. busniess . 39 terms. ... The National Labor Union (NLU) was the first national labor federation in the United States. Founded in 1866 and dissolved in …If you’re a healthcare worker in the United States, you may have heard of 1199SEIU. This powerful labor union represents over 400,000 healthcare workers across the country and offe...Back in Pullman, the Pullman Company strikers' plight had been overshadowed on the national stage by the boycott. Fighting between the military and workers at rail yards in the Chicago area left dozens dead and more wounded. The injunction led to the jailing of key leaders, weakening the ARU and the strike. With the government working to the ... APUSH Chapter 24. Pacific Railroad Act, 1862. Click the card to flip 👆. This act was passed in order to create a cross-country railroad that was intended to unite the Union during the civil war. It contracted the Union Pacific Railroad and the Central Pacific Railroad to build tracks from opposite sides of the U.S. that would meet in the middle.

APUSH Ch. 23 The Great Depression. 24 Begriffe. ekdurkin. Vorschau. APUSH chapter 33. 24 Begriffe. asadreamlove. ... Wagner Act/National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) allowed workers to organize labor unions, collective bargain, and to take action such as striking legally. National Recovery Administration (NRA)

The Chinese Exclusion Act was approved on May 6, 1882. It was the first significant law restricting immigration into the United States. In the spring of 1882, the Chinese Exclusion Act was passed by Congress and signed by President Chester A. Arthur. This act provided an absolute 10-year ban on Chinese laborers immigrating to the United States.If you’re shopping for a place to keep your money, you have several options. National banks offer the convenience of a large number of ATMs and branches. Local banks give you perso...- "Wobblies" - Radical union founded in 1905 aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interests - It worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution, and led several major strikes. Stressed solidarity. This 1869 organization was the first truly national labor union under the direction of Terrence Powderly, who accepted skilled/unskilled workers as well as women and African Americans, in order to pursue a loose goal of cooperative business (workers own the business and vote on what to do), the 8 hour workday, termination of child labor, and equal pay for women/African Americans that ... 12 Things to Know About AP U.S. History Period 6. 1. Economic opportunities and government policies encouraged the development of the West in the decades after the Civil War. Farmers in this period found themselves drawn into the world of mechanized agriculture.Through a dramatic plot centering on a young woman sickened from overwork in a non-union bookbinding shop, and a young labor organizer who befriends her and helps her launch a shop union, Labor's Reward delivered two messages: (1) labor unions provide a fair and reasonable process for balancing the worker-employer relationship; (2) buying …Terms in this set (43) laissez-faire. A practice of avoiding intervention in public affairs and economics. second industrial revolution. Begun in the mid-nineteenth century and centered in the United States and Germany, the second industrial revolution was sparked by an array of innovations and inventions in the production of metals, machinery ...About Us. The American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) works tirelessly to improve the lives of working people. We are the democratic, voluntary federation of 60 national and international labor unions that represent more than 12.5 million working people. We strive to ensure all working people are treated ...All Key Terms. AP US History. Labor Unions. Definition. Labor unions are organized associations of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests. Analogy. Think of labor unions as the protective older sibling of workers.

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A significant step toward solidarity came in August 1834 with the formation of the National Trades' Union (NTU): the first national labor union in United States history. Headed by John Commerford, the NTU played a vital role in the establishment of a 10-hour workday for navy yard workers. The NTU engaged in research and open discussion of labor ...a federation of North American industrial unions that merged with the American Federation of Labor in 1955. Wagner Act. 1935, also National Labor Relations Act; granted rights to unions; allowed collective bargaining. Key people, events, laws and unions from the 1880s Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free.12 Things to Know About AP U.S. History Period 6. 1. Economic opportunities and government policies encouraged the development of the West in the decades after the Civil War. Farmers in this period found themselves drawn into the world of mechanized agriculture.They established national unions or federations of local ones. In 1834, delegates from six cities founded the National Trades' Union; and in 1836, the printers and the cordwainers set up their own national craft unions. This early craft union movement fared poorly. Labor leaders struggled against the handicap of hostile laws and hostile courts.APUSH REVIEWED! 1890-1912 American Pageant (Kennedy)Chapter 28 ... • Union leaders addressing workers rights ... for laws banning child labor • National Consumers' League headed by Florence Kelley advocated for the rights of women in the work place, laws against child Labor, etc.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The desire for access to natural and mineral resources and the hope of many settlers for economic opportunities or religious refuge led to an increased immigration to and settlement in the West, Advocates of annexing western lands argued that Manifest Destiny and the superiority of American institutions compelled the United ...When Labor Day became a federal holiday in 1894, unions in the U.S. were largely contested and courts would often rule strikes illegal, Vachon said, leading to violent disputes. It wasn’t until the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 that private sector employees were granted the right to join unions.APUSH: Chapter 24. A. Philip Randolph. Click the card to flip 👆. A leader in the African-American civil-rights movement. He organized and led the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (the first predominantly Black labor union. He led the March on Washington Movement- this convinced President Roosevelt to issue the Executive Order 8802 in 1941 ...APUSH with Mr. Johnson: Home Units AP & SOL Test Prep Improve Your Grade Contact Me The Labor Movement. Essential Questions. How successful were labor unions in improving the lives of workers in the late 1800s and early 1900s? ... DBQ 2000: Impact of Labor Unions, 1875-1900. dbq_2000_-_impact_of_labor_unions_1875-1900.pdf: File Size: 159 kb ... ….

The first national influential labor union in the United States was the Knights of Labor, established in 1869 in Philadelphia. Before long the Knights grew into a large diverse membership including skilled and unskilled workers, African Americans, immigrants, and women. Given this diversity of membership, disagreements over labor tactics ...A course theme and/or approach to history that is not the focus of the essay (such as political, economic, social, cultural, or intellectual history). 1. To what extent was organized labor successful in improving the position of workers in the period from 1875 to 1900? Editorial, The New York Times, July 18, 1877.SHS APUSH 1918-1941 Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free. ... United Mine Workers of America leader who organized the first important unskilled workers labor union, he led the coal miners strike; He and the Congress of Industrial Organizations wanted workers' civil rights, a fair slice of the economic pie, and the right to ...Progressive concept by Roosevelt that would help capital, labor, and the public. It called for control of corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources. It denounced special treatment for the large capitalists and is the essential element to his trust-busting attitude. This deal embodied the belief that all ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like goals of the national labor union, characteristics of the national labor union, tactics of the national labor union and more.Overview. Politics in the Gilded Age were characterized by scandal and corruption, but voter turnout reached an all-time high. The Republican Party supported business and industry with a protective tariff and hard money policies. The Democratic Party opposed the tariff and eventually adopted the free silver platform.APUSH Chapter 13: The Union in Peril (1848-1861) 4 Main Causes for Civil War. Click the card to flip 👆. slavery (morality in North, protection in South), constitutional disputes over the nature of the federal Union and states' rights, economic differences between Industrial North and Agricultural South, political blunders and extremism.APUSH Ch. 15 Notecards. Definition: The Freedmen's Bureau (1865-1870) was a group established by Congress in order to create a functional free labor system. Historical significance: The Freedmen's Bureau was significant because it was given very difficult tasks, such as obtaining equal court treatment for former slaves and whites, establishing ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Great Railroad Strike of 1877, Denis Kearney, National Labor Union (NLU) and more. ... APUSH-Pullman Strike. 10 terms. sgalvan-22. Preview. APUSH Chapter 17 terms. 24 terms. katbutler33. Preview. Homicide Comprehensive Application 1. 50 terms. madison_corbett1030.APUSH Social Darwinism and Reform. 63 terms. Amber_G-S. Preview. APUSH Period 7 (1891-1945) 22 terms. anna1321. ... National Labor Union. This first national labor organization in US history was founded in 1866 and gained 600,000 members from many parts of the workforce, although it limited the participation of Chinese, women, and blacks. ... National labor union apush definition, it was composed of skilled laborers, it was willing to let unskilled laborers fend for themselves. From 1881 to 1900, how many strikes were there? 23,000 involving 6,610,000 workers with a total loss to both employers and employees of about $450 million. What was perhaps, the greatest weakness of labor unions? that they oly embraced a small ..., The American Federation of Labor, founded by Samuel Gompers, fares much better. The AFL was a skilled labor union and thus carried a bit more leverage into the negotiating room and was more effective in improving conditions for its members. The Strikes. Labor unions used the strike as a means to combat poor working conditions and low wages., The Knights of Labor was one early labor union, organized in Philadelphia in 1871 by garment cutters. In its early days, the Knights of Labor was a a secret society, which fueled rumors in the press that they were dangerous or violent. The rumors were encouraged by factory owners who feared that organization of their workers would lead to strikes., The 6 Nations tournament is an annual rugby union competition that brings together six European nations: England, France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland, and Wales. This prestigious tour..., Terms in this set (12) American system. The practice of manufactoring and then assembling interchangeable parts. a system that spread quickly across american industries, the use of standardized parts allowed american manufacturers to employ cheap unskilled workers. free-labor ideal. social and economic ideal popular in the 1840s and 1850s that ..., APUSH Chapter 25. National American Woman Suffrage Movement (NAWSA) Click the card to flip 👆. movement to allow women to vote in the U.S. It was happening during the late 1800's and early 1900's. The first place to allow total equality was the Wyoming Territory in 1869. There were women's clubs to promote women's suffrage but they excluded ..., A military alliance established in Eastern Europe in 1955, in order to counter the NATO alliance that included Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union. The pact was the Soviet Union's response to the NATO and helped institutionalize the Cold War. NSC-68. A top-secret government report of April 1950 ..., Hatch Act. Law of 1939 that prevented federal officials from engaging in campaign activities or using federal relief funds for political purposes. Franklin D. Roosevelt. Former New York governor who roused the nation to action against the depression with his appeal to the "forgotten man". , – By 1900 it was the largest union While industrialization brought numerous opportunities to workers and dramatically expanded the work force, low wages and dangerous working conditions continued to be a problem. Evaluating the Labor Movement Successes • Workers did form local and national unions that did directly confront, court order that forces or limits the performance of some act by a private individual or by a public official. They would lock the factory doors to prevent workers from getting in and destroying property or performing sit ins, put names of union leaders or members on lists to prevent them from getting hired by other factories in their industry or area where they lived, require their workers to ..., Charlotte Perkins Gillman. wrote Women and Economics - she supported the idea that women's freedom was connected to improvements in the workplace, she also claimed housewife's to be "unproductive parasites" and that in order to gain independence, professional growth needed to occur. Chapter 18: APUSH., National Labor Union definition: the labor union formed in 1866 that attracted 600,000 members including the skilled, unskilled, and farmers (however they were anti-Chinese and excluded them from joining) importance: it pushed social reform, an eight-hour day, and arbitration of labor disputes: attempted to unite all laborers; however, they ..., APUSH Chapter 25. Get a hint. Jane Adams. Click the card to flip 👆. Social reformer who worked to improve the lives of the working class. In 1889 she founded Hull House in Chicago, the first private social welfare agency in the U.S., to assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency and help immigrants learn to speak English. Click the card to ..., The National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 (NIRA) was one of the most important and daring measures of President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal. It was enacted during the famous First Hundred Days of his first term in office and was the centerpiece of his initial efforts to reverse the economic collapse of the Great …, APUSH UNIT 3 Abolitionism. 19 terms. annava. Preview. APUSH 1800 Reform Movements. 29 terms. armstrong_meyana. Preview. exam 3 true and false . 9 terms. grace-landsee2720. ... - an organization of wage earners that is set up to serve and advance its members' interests in terms of wages - National Labor Union - American Federation of Labor ..., 1879-1918. was a school intended to "americanize" indian children to try to adapt them to the white culture. most children eventually went back to the reservations so the experiment didn't fully work. Bill that promised Indians tracts of land to farm in order to assimilate them into white culture., APUSH - New Deal. 14 terms. annaristuccia. Preview. APUSH Chapter 36 (Unit 13) 39 terms. ahmelay922. ... Also known as the National Labor Relations Act, this law protected the right of labor to organize in unions and bargain collectively with employers, and established the National Labor Relations Board to monitor unfair labor practices on the ..., In response, labor leaders Mary Kenney O'Sullivan and Leonora O'Reilly and settlement workers Lillian Wald and Jane Addams helped form the National Women's Trade Union League (WTUL), which was the first national association dedicated to organizing women workers. In a broadminded alliance, women from all classes united in the common …, Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Union Pacific Railroad, James J. Hill, Cornelius Vanderbilt and more. ... Employed Irish labor gangs. Was involved in the Credit Mobilier scandal, when insiders reaped millions in profits. ... APUSH- ID list chapter 24. 32 terms. ijcb10. Preview. US1 test. 25 terms. brooke_fav14 ..., From Activision to Amazon, historic union elections are changing the way that Americans think about work. Now, Apple is the next tech giant to reckon with an employee-driven labor ..., 6 points. General Scoring Notes. Except where otherwise noted, each point of these rubrics is earned independently; for example, a student could earn a point for evidence without earning a point for thesis/claim. Accuracy: The components of these rubrics require that students demonstrate historically defensible content knowledge., The Knights of Labor was one early labor union, organized in Philadelphia in 1871 by garment cutters. In its early days, the Knights of Labor was a a secret society, which fueled rumors in the press that they were dangerous or violent. The rumors were encouraged by factory owners who feared that organization of their workers would lead to strikes., The union refused to call workers back to work which ended in Debs getting arrested and a riot where 700 freight cars were burned Kinghts of Labor One of the most important American labor organizations of the 19th century, demanded an end to child and convict labor, equal pay for women, a progressive income tax, and the cooperative employer ..., APUSH Ch. 24 Key Terms and Important People. 21 terms. pshah398. Preview. chapter 23 vocab apush. 70 terms. abbyyypowell. Preview. APUSH chapter 17 notes. 27 terms. Daisymitch. ... the successor to the National Labor Union that began in 1869 as a secret society. Its slogan was "An injury to one of the concern of all.", APUSH Ch 18 (The Rise of Industrial America 1837-1901) National Labor Union. Click the card to flip 👆. 1866 - established by William Sylvis - wanted 8hr work days, banking reform, and an end to conviction labor - attempt to unite all laborers. Click the card to flip 👆. , Children's Hospital (1923) invalidated minimum-wage laws that protected women workers. With the labor movement weakened, union membership plunged in the 1920s from 5 million to 3 million ..., The National Labor Union ( NLU) is the first national labor federation in the United States. Founded in 1866 and dissolved in 1873, [1] it paved the way for other organizations, such as the Knights of Labor and the AFL ( American Federation of Labor ). It was led by William H. Sylvis and Andrew Cameron ., Definition: authorized by Congress in 1863 that launched partly to stimulate the sale of government bonds and to establish a standard currency. Significance: first significant step taken towards s unified baking network since Andrew Jackson destroyed the Bank of the United States in 1836. Homestead Act. Definition: a federal law passed in 1862 ..., APUSH Ch. 23 The Great Depression. 24 Begriffe. ekdurkin. Vorschau. APUSH chapter 33. 24 Begriffe. asadreamlove. ... Wagner Act/National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) allowed workers to organize labor unions, collective bargain, and to take action such as striking legally. National Recovery Administration (NRA), The National Labor Union ( NLU) is the first national labor federation in the United States. Founded in 1866 and dissolved in 1873, [1] it paved the way for other organizations, …, Introduction to the NLRB. The National Labor Relations Board is an independent federal agency that protects the rights of private sector employees to join together, with or without a union, to improve their wages and working conditions., Back in Pullman, the Pullman Company strikers' plight had been overshadowed on the national stage by the boycott. Fighting between the military and workers at rail yards in the Chicago area left dozens dead and more wounded. The injunction led to the jailing of key leaders, weakening the ARU and the strike. With the government working to the ..., National Industrial Recovery Act, U.S. labour legislation (1933) that was one of several measures passed by Congress and supported by Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt in an effort to help the nation recover from the Great Depression.The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) was an unusual experiment in U.S. history, as it suspended antitrust laws and supported an alliance of industries.